South Germany

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History
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Realms
Almost all realms (reich) of South Germany corresponds to an original member of the German Confederation: Territories of Prussia and Hanover subsequently annexed became Imperial Provinces: There is one exception: Annexed French territories became realms:
 * Bavaria
 * Saxony
 * Württemberg
 * Hesse-Kassel
 * Baden
 * Hesse-Darmstadt
 * Brunswick
 * Nassau
 * Weimar-Eisenach (Saxe-)
 * Altenburg (Saxe-)
 * Coburg-Gotha (Saxe-)
 * Meiningen (Saxe-)
 * Oldenburg
 * Anhalt
 * Sondershausen (Schwarzburg-)
 * Rudolstadt (Schwarzburg-)
 * Hechingen (Hohenzollern-)
 * Sigmaringen (Hohenzollern-)
 * Waldeck and Pyrmont
 * Reuss-Greiz
 * Reuss-Gera
 * Schaumburg-Lippe (short form Schaumburg)
 * Lippe-Detmold (short form Detmold)
 * Hesse-Homburg
 * Lichtenberg
 * Frankfurt
 * Bremen
 * Hamburg
 * Lübeck
 * Birkenfeld (former exclave of Oldenburg)
 * Imperial Province of Rhineland (once divided into Westphalia, Jülich-Cleves-Berg and Lower Rhine)
 * Imperial Province of Halle, annexed in 1853, connected various exclaves of South Germany in Prussia
 * Imperial Province of Göttingen, the so-called Göttingen exclave
 * Kingdom of Saarland, separated from IPR
 * Duchy of Stolberg, separated from IPH and returned to the original Stolberg dukes
 * Grand Duchy of Alsace
 * Kingdom of Lorraine
 * Duchy of Comte

Crowns
Through marriages, the number of ruling houses in South Germany has been reduced to 9. Mergers of realms became impossible after the new Constitution of 1880, which includes the list of realms.
 * House of Bavaria (Bavaria, Anhalt, Schaumburg)
 * House of Saxony (Saxony, Comte, Altenburg, Weimar-Eisenach)
 * House of Württemberg (Württemberg, Alsace, Sondershausen)
 * House of Baden (Baden, Waldeck and Pyrmont, Brunswick, Rudolstadt)
 * House of Hesse (Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Homburg)
 * House of Sud-Hohenzollern (Sigmaringen, Hechingen, Saarland)
 * House of Saxe-Reuss (Meiningen, Coburg-Gotha, Lichtenberg, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Gera)
 * House of Nassau (Nassau, Detmold, Lorraine)
 * House of Stolberg (Stolberg)

City states

 * Frankfurt (federal capital)
 * Bremen
 * Hamburg
 * Lübeck
 * Birkenfeld

Area states

 * Bavaria (capital Munich): Bavaria minus Palantinate
 * Baden- Württemberg (capital Stuttgart): Baden,  Württemberg, Hechingen, Sigmaringen
 * Hesse-Nassau-Palantinate (capital Mainz): Waldeck (part of Waldeck-Pyrmont), Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, Hesse-Homburg, Lichtenberg, Palantinate (part of Bavaria)
 * Saxony (capital Dresden): Saxony
 * Anhalt-Brunswick (capital  Göttingen): Anhalt, Brunswick, Schaumberg, Detmold, Sonderhausen, northern exclave of Hesse-Kassel, Pyrmont (part of Waldeck-Pyrmont),  Imperial Province of Göttingen, Stolberg  Imperial Province of Halle (except southern exclaves)
 * Thuringia (capital Weimar): Altenburg, Coburg-Gotha, Meiningen, Rudolstadt, Weimar-Eisenach, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Gera, southern exclaves of  Imperial Province of Halle
 * North Rhine (capital Dortmund): Imperial Province of Rhineland, north of the Rhine
 * South Rhine (capital Bonn): Imperial Province of Rhineland, south of the Rhine
 * Alsace-Lorraine-Comte (capital Strasbourg): Alsace, Lorraine, Comte